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Expand All | Collapse All
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| Music of Orissa |
A unique sense of rhythm
The systematised and developed form of music, which has been sung in the world famous temple of the Lord Jagannath in Puri on its different festive occasions as a part of the rituals is known as traditional Odissi music. This tradition is also having a long and glorious history of its own for more then 2,500 years. It is performed deftly in the shape of ‘Raga-Kshudrageeta-Prabandha-Gana’, a form of Indian classical music by the illustrious and celebrated poet Sri Jayadeva in Orissa.
Like Hindustani and Carnatic systems, Odissi music is a separate system of Indian classical music and is having all the essential as well as potential ingredients of Indian Classical form. But it has not come to limelight due to apathy from the time of British rule in Orissa, want of its proper study, revival, propagation, etc. Despite the fact, the traditional music form could be saved and maintained in its pristine form. Thanks to the musicians, particularly of Jaga Akhadas of Puri, who could develop and maintain the music.
Types of Music
Like other aspects of her culture, music of the sacred land of Orissa is charming, colourful, variegated, encompassing various types of tunes. The existing musical tradition of Orissa, the cumulative experience of the last 2,500 years if not more, can broadly be grouped under five categories:
Tribal Music: The tribal music, as the title signifies, is confined to the tribals living mainly in the hilly and jungle regions and sparsely in the coastal belt of Orissa. It is interesting to note that Orissa has the third largest concentration of tribes constituting about 1.25 per cent of the total population. They are distributed among 62 tribal communities.
Folk Music: Orissa is the treasure house of folk songs, which are rendered on different festivals and specific occasions in their own enjoyment. Folk music in general is the expression of the ethos and mores of the folk communities. Of the bewildering variety of folk music of Orissa, mention may be made of 'Geeta', 'Balipuja Geeta', 'Kela Keluni Geeta', 'Dalkhai Geeta', 'Kendra Geeta', 'Jaiphula Geeta', 'Ghumura Geeta', 'Ghoda Nacha' and 'Danda Nacha Geeta', 'Gopal Gopaluni' and 'Osha-Parva-Geeta' etc.
Light Music: The light music category of Orissa include 'Sri Geetagovinda', 'Anirjukta Prabandha', 'Divya Manusi Prabandha', 'Chautisa', 'Chhanda', 'Chaupadi' (now known as 'Odissi'), 'Champu', 'Malasri', 'Sariman', 'Vyanjani, and Chaturang.
Light-Classical Music: 'Bhajan', 'Janan', Oriya songs based on ragas, 'Rangila Chaupadi' etc. are grouped under Light classical music, which forms an important segment of Orissan music.
Classical Music: 'Tribhang', 'Kuduka Geeta', 'Laxana' and 'Swaramalika' are the various sub-forms, which individually or collectively constitute the traditional Odissi music. These sub-forms of the traditional Odissi music can be categorised under the classical music of Orissa too.
The traditional Odissi music
The present form of traditional Odissi music is no doubt the outcome of the continuous evolution of the earliest Indian classical music. Orissa could imbibe all the waves of classical music beginning from 'Sama-Gana' to Raga 'Prabandha Gana', but finally it assumed the present form of "Raga Kshudra-Geeta-Pravandha-Gana". This system is popularly styled as traditional Odissi music.
Since, there is dearth of recorded evidence to prove the exact time of the advent of the earliest form of the Indian classical music into this land, one may reasonably believe its inflow during the period of Aryanisation of this land. Possibly Aryan culture crept into this land during the Age of Brahmans when bulk of Indian peninsula came under the Aryan influence.
Ritualistic influence
The Sovaneswara inscription and the Brahmeswara inscription and also the inscription from Madhukeswar temple reveal that dance and music were introduced in the temples as a part of daily rituals. Music tinged with religion attained mass appeal and royal patronage. As such the royal patronization of art and culture made the Orissan music so developed and enchanting for enjoyment of both Gods and Goddesses and human beings as well. This tradition still continues in its different manifestations.
Style of music
The Odissi 'Sangeeta' (music) was composed following the style ('Riti') of four classes of music such as 'Dhrubapada', 'Chitrapada', 'Chitrakala' and 'Panchali':
Dhrupada: The Dhrupada or ‘Ghosha’ meaning the first line or lines to be cited repeatedly has importance in Odissi music.
Chitrakala: The use of art in music is called "Chitrakala".
Chitrapada: Chitrapada means the arrangement of words.
Panchali: Panchali means multi-lined lyric ('Bahupadayukta Gita'). It is divided into two types - 'Adhruva' and 'Sadhruva'. In 'Sadhruva Panchali' there is a Ghosha (The first line or lines to be cited repeatedly). Odissi 'Choupadis' (Quadrants) are the best examples of Sadhruva Panchali. 'Choutisha' belongs to the category of Adhruva Panchali.
The Melaragas
According to tuning, the ‘Melaragas’ were composed and their names are completely different from the ragas of ‘Hindustani’ and ‘Carnatac’ music. The centres for physical education and music were called ‘Jagas’.
In all the festivals the members of a ‘Jaga’ arrange feasts. ‘Hazura’, the chief member of the ‘Jaga’ arranges the competitions of gymnasiums ('Kushti Pratiyogita') and music concert ('Sangeet Asara'). Among the singers one group was meant for singing in high pitch and the other group in low pitch.
|
|
| Mountains
|
| Name |
Height
(in feet) |
Bankashyama, Kalahandi |
4182
ft. |
Deomali, Koraput |
5,486
ft. |
Kapilas, Dhenkanal |
2,239
ft. |
Mundala, Puri |
2,928
ft. |
Gandhamardan, Keonjhar |
3,479
ft. |
Rajagiri, Puri |
2,928
ft. |
Meghasana, Mayurbhanja |
3,824
ft. |
Malaygiri, Pallahara |
3,824
ft. |
Panchadhara, Atmalik |
2,948
ft. |
Chandragiri, Koraput |
5,486
ft. |
Barama, Ganjam |
3,824
ft. |
Mahagiri, Cuttack |
3,824
ft. |
Nilgiri, Balasore |
3,824
ft. |
Mankadnacha, Keonjhar |
3,824
ft. |
|
|
| First in Orissa |
Advocate |
Madhusudan
Das |
Ambasador |
Lalitendu
Mansingh |
Autobiography
Writer |
Fakira
Mohan Senapati |
Awarded
Anubruta |
Dr.
Radhanath Rai |
Awarded
Gyanapitha |
Gopinath
Mohanty |
Awarded
Jamunalal Bajaj |
Ramadevi
Choudhury |
Central
Minister |
Harekrushna
Mohatab |
Chief
Justice of Supreme Court |
Ranganath
Mishra |
Chief
Secretary |
Nilamani
Senapati |
Chartered
Accountant |
Hrudayananda
Naik, Purighat, Cuttack |
Cinema
Hall |
Sitaram
Vilas Talkies (SSBT), Berhampur |
College |
Ravenshaw
College, Cuttack |
Colour
film |
Gapa
Helebi Sata |
D.S.P. |
Guruprasad
Das |
Daily
Newspaper |
Dainika
Asha |
District
Collector |
Jatindra
Nath Mohanty |
District
Magistrate |
Dayanidhi
Das |
Drama |
Babaji,writer
Jagmohan Lala |
Engineering
College |
University
College of Engineering, Burla |
Engineering
School |
Orissa
School of Engeering, CUttack |
Essay |
Bibeki,
writer Late Radhanth Ray |
Film
of Orissa |
Sita
Bibaha |
Film
produced in Orissa |
Shodh |
Film
Studio |
Kalinga
Studio, Bhubaneswar |
Freedom
Fighter |
Bir
Surendra Sai |
Girls'
High School |
Ravenshaw
Girls School, Cuttack |
Governnor |
Harekrushna
Mohatab |
Graduate |
Madhusudan
Das |
High
School |
Cuttack
Collegiate School |
I.C.S. |
Nilamani
Senapati |
Jute
Mill |
Mill
Konark Jute Mill |
Lady
Advocate |
Sudhanshubala
Hajra |
Lady
Chancellor |
Dr.
Priyambada Mohanty Hojamadi |
Lady
Chief Minister |
Nandini
Satpathy |
Lady
Director of Cinema |
Parvati
Ghosh |
Lady
Engineer |
Sudhira
Das |
Lady
Graduate |
Niharabala
Nayak |
Lady
I.A.S. |
Pragyan
Paramita Das |
Lady
I.P.S. |
Somya
Mishra |
Lady
Justice of Highcourt |
Amiya
Kumari Padhi |
|
|
Rivers
|
| Name |
Length (in KiloMeters) |
Covering... |
| Mahanadi |
880 Km |
Sambalpur,
Bolangir, Angul, Sonepur, Boudh, Bargarh and Cuttack |
| Brahmani |
700 Km |
Sundergarh,
Dhenkanal and Jajpur |
| Baitarani |
335 Km |
Keonjhar,
Jaipur and Bhadrak |
| Birupa |
-- |
Jagatpur |
| Chitrotpala |
-- |
Patpur |
| Banshadhara |
256 Km |
Koraput and
Rayagada |
| Budhabalanga |
164 Km |
Mayurbhanj and
Balasore |
| Rusikulyh |
|
Ganjam
and Bahuda |
| Machkund |
|
Koraput |
| Indrabati |
|
Kalahandi,
Koraput and Nawarngpur |
| Tel |
|
Balangir,
Kalahandi |
| Mahendratanaya |
|
Gajapati |
| Kolab |
|
Koraput |
| Ib Koili |
|
Sundergarh |
| Bhargabi |
|
Puri, Khurda |
| Daya |
|
Puri, Khurda |
| Anga |
|
Sundergarh,
Bolangir |
| Suna |
|
Phulbani |
| Kuakhai |
|
Puri, Khurda |
| Khursuan & Birupa |
|
Jajpur |
| Paika & Biluakhai |
|
Jagatsingpur |
| Kusimi, Kuanria & Lunijhara |
|
Nayagarh |
| Suktel, Indra |
|
Bolangir,
Sonepur |
| Jira, Jhanu, Dant |
|
Bargarh |
| Udanti, Sundar |
|
Nuapara |
| Nagabali |
|
Rayagada |
| Subarnarekha |
|
Mayurbhanja and
Balasore |
|
2001 Census Details |
| Area |
1,55,707
Sq. Kms. |
Population |
36,706,920
(2001 Census) |
|
30 |
No
of Revenue Divisions |
3 |
No
of Sub Divisions |
58 |
No
of Municipalities |
31 |
No
of N.A.Cs |
70 |
No
of Tehsils |
147 |
No
of Blocks |
314 |
No
of Gram Panchayats |
5263 |
No
of Villages |
50,887 |
No
of Cities and Towns |
103 |
No
of Universities |
8 |
No
of Govt. Engg. Colleges |
4 |
No
of Govt. Medical Colleges |
3 |
No
of Govt. Ayurvedic Colleges |
3 |
No
of Homeopathic Colleges |
7 |
No
of Law Colleges |
9 |
|
Census Tag |
India |
Orissa |
Population |
1,027,015,247 |
36,706,920 |
Population
Growth Rate |
21% |
15% |
Sex
Ratio |
933 |
972 |
Population Density |
324 |
236 |
Literacy |
65.38% |
63.61% |
Dist.
Population (highest) |
|
Ganjam
( 3,136,937 ) |
Dist.
Population (lowest) |
|
Deogarh
( 274,095 ) |
District
Literacy (highest) |
|
Khurda
( 81% ) |
District
Literacy (lowest) |
|
Malkangiri
( 32% ) |
|
|
| Eminent Oriyas |
|
| Prafulla Kumar Jena |
Prafulla
Kumar Jena had completed his B.Sc, M.Sc and Ph.D. in
Chemistry from Utkal Unversity. He had done his M.Sc.
in metallurgical engineering, University of British
Columbia. He worked as as Senior Scientist in Bhabha
Atomic Research Center, Trombay; as a Professor in
Metallurgical Engineering, Banaras Hndu University,
Varanasi, as Director of Regional Research Laboratory,
Bhubaneswar. He was the Acting Director General,
Council Of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)
in 1986. He was also a Visiting Profess of
Catholic University, Rio de Janiero, Brazil and Tohuku
University, Sendai, Japan. He was a distinguished
Professor of Tata Chair, IIT Kharagpur. Prof. Jena is
an internationally renowned metallurgist and has
published numerous research articles in reputed
journals. Recipient of various awards such as National
Metallurgist award, Padmashri and FICCI (Federation of
Indian Chamber of Coommerce and Industry) award. |
| Pyari Mohan Acharya |
[ TOP
] |
Pyari
Mohan Acharya was born in 1851 in Orissa. He is the
person who established the now famous PM Academy in
Cuttack. Here is a very interesting story about the
beginning of the academy. In 1871, when Pyari Mohan
was only 20 years old, he along with Madhusudan Rao
and Gobinda Rath started a newspaper called UTKAL
PUTRA in Oriya with an objective of bringing to
everybody's attention general condition of the society
and civic complaints. Pyari Mohan was the editor and
publisher of this newspaper. Pyari Mohan published an
article named Darakhast Jutiyan. When translated into
English it means an appeal from shoes or may be a
notice from shoes. The article accused the waste
management authority of Cuttack of gross neglect in
their duty to keep Cuttack clean. This article
infuriated the then magistrate sahib, who ordered the
headmaster Chandicharan Bandopadhyaya to expel
PyariMohan from the school. Pyari Mohan refused to beg
forgiveness from the magistrate and had to leave
school and took up employment with the commissioner.
He felt the need for a private school in Cuttack so
that students will not face his fate and would be able
to freely express their opinion. He did not however
stop there, he went ahead and established a private
school in Cuttack. He was then earning only 25 Rupees
a month and used to donate whatever left of it after
spending a minimum amount for his living expenses.
Both Madhusudan and he actively campaigned for
donations to the school from rich people. He continued
to supervise the operation of the school even when he
was the manager to the king of Damapada. This school
was named after him and is now known as the Pyari
Mohan Academy or simply the PM Academy of Cuttack. |
| Malati Choudhury |
[ TOP
] |
Malati
Choudhury inspired generations of political activists
who later became Parliament members MLAs and
ministers. Her followers became organizers in tribal
areas and civic leaders. One should read Surendra
Dwivedy's biography to know the bravery of Malati
Choudhury who was like a mother to him. Malati Devi
affectionately used to call him "Suria" -
Surendrababu's childhood name. Whenever Malati
Choudhury saw injustice she fought against it. That is
why, when Nandini Satpathy was given a ticket by the
Janata Dal to contest from the Dhenkanal constituency
she stood against Nandini. To her it was unfair
because Nandini had whole-heartedly supported the
National Emergency. It is interesting to note that
George Fernandez, the rising hero of the left front at
the time, came to campaign for Nandini on behalf of
the Janata Dal. Fernandez's mother in law Shanti Kabir
toured Dhenkanal for Malati Devi. Biju Patnaik also
contributed money to her election. Right after the
independence Malati Devi became immersed in the
upliftment of the tribal people of Orissa. She
established Nava Jeevan Mandal and the Mandal sent
workers - men and women -to different locations in
Keonjhar, Ganjam, Koraput, Sundargarh, Phulbani and
Dhenkanal districts to do confidence building works
among the tribal people. Naturally, the police, the
employees of the excise department, the petty
government-officers and the money lenders of these
areas did not like the workers as the workers inspired
the local tribal folks not to participate in the
ongoing process of their own exploitation. At times,
both the tribal people and the workers got embroiled
in confrontation with local and regional powers that
be. Malati Devi often traveled to remote areas of
Malkan Giri,Chandrapur, R.Udaya Giri , Gonasika,
Tarini Pasi and Banai Garh to stand by her workers. |
| Guru Kelu Charan
Mahapatra |
[ TOP
] |
Guru Kelu
Charan Mahapatra is undoubtedly the most important
figure in Odissi dance today and has been the guru at
some time of nearly every important Odissi dancer and
teacher in India and throughout the world. Born in
Raghuraipur, a village in Orissa in 1926, he belongs
to a family of Patachitra painters who used to paint
patachitras of Lord Jeganath. He started learning
Gotipua Nritya and Pakhawaj under the great gurus,
Mohan Sundar Deva Goswami and Pankaj Charan Das at an
early age. He performed with a Rasleela troupe before
joining the theatre. After Indian independence, he
started to work to popularise Gotipua Nritya and the
Mahari dance, and has subsequently received many
awards for his contribution. He is one of the main
architects of the contemporary Odissi repertoire and
vocabulary. His creative ability is very evident in
his choreography, while it is also informed by his
study of ancient scriptures and sculpture in the
temples of Orissa. Guru Kelu Charan Mahapatra's
attitude towards dance is, in essence, devotional; to
him dance is not so much a vocation as it is an
expression of life. |
| Shrimati Kumkum
Mohanty |
[ TOP
] |
Among the
distinguised senior dancers of the Odissi style,
Shrimati Kumkum Mohanty received her training in
Odissi dance at Kala Vikash Kendra under the tutelage
of Guru Kelucharan Mohapatra. She is also trained in
Odissi. Early in life, she was acclaimed as an
outstanding dancers and won appreciation among the
connoisseurs. She has excelled in her sensitive
renderings of Asthapadis from the Gita Govinda and
taken lead roles in several choreographic works by her
guru. She has also participated in major festivals in
the country and abroad. In the mid-1980s, when the
Odissi Research Centre was established by the
Government of Orissa, Shrimati Mohanty was appointed
its Chief Executive. In that capacity she has worked
with several masters of Odissi dance and music
carrying out significant work in the documentation and
dissemination of the tradition. She also has several
dance compositions to her credit. Shrimati Mohanty is
Special Secretary ( Culture) to the Government of
Orissa. Her contricution to Odissi was acknowledged
with the Orissa Sangeet Natak Akademi Award, bestowed
on her 1993. Shrimati Kumkum Mohanty received the
Sangeet Natak Akademi Award for her contributions to
Odissi dance in 1994. |
| Pandit Gopabandhu Das |
[ TOP
] |
Gopabandhu Das was born in Swando village of Puri
district in Orissa in the year 1877 Oct 9. who is one
of the founders of the modern Orissa, is also
remembered for his patriotic lyrical poems and lucid,
thought provoking writings. Gopabandhu Das was a
public spirited Gandhian of Utkal who championed the
cause of the statehood of Orissa. After graduation, he
got his Law degree and joined the Bar. But he diverted
his legal profession and make himself as a devotee to
serve the people of Orissa. Along with his illustrious
friends, Nilakantha Das, Godavarish Mishra, Acharya
Harihar Das and Krupasindhu Misra, he started a school
at Satyabadi (Presently - Sakhigopal) near Puri, which
became the most important center of cultural
activities of Orissa for decades. He championed the
cause of the formation of the Orissa state for the
Oriya speaking people, started the Satyabadi (a
literary monthly). He edited Asha, a newspaper from
Berhampore and later launched his own weekly Samaj
from Puri in 1919 (a weekly which later became the
most widely circulated daily newspaper of Orissa) He
had launched the Kartavya Padhini Samiti (duty
awakening society) for securing the Oriyas their
rights and priviledges. Gopabandhu Das was a great
orator and his speeches made at the Bihar-Orissa
legislature of which he was a member, shows his
excellent style of oratory as well as clarity of
thought and concern for the poor. One may point at him
as the father of modern Oriya journalism. His essays
on education easily prove that he was an educationist
of great insight and understanding. His ambition from
childhood was to be a poet. Absorbed in social
activities he had little time for literary endeavours,
yet while imprisoned in the Hazaribagh Jail
(1922-1924) for participating in the Indian Freedom
Movement, he wrote Bandira Atmakatha (The soliloquy of
a Prisoner) and Dharmapada. Bandira Atmakatha is the
expression of his deep love for the people of Orissa
and Dharmapada is the story of the twelve-year-old
artisan boy who, after completing the Konark temple,
drowned himself in the sea to save the lives and
prestige of the twelve hundred artisans of Orissa.
Though not a poetic genius, his sincerity of feelings
and simple diction touches the heart of the reader.
Educated Oriyas are often found quoting a line or two
from his verses such as Mishu Mora Deha E Desha Matire
(Let this body of mine merge with the soil of this
country), Pachha Ghuncha Nahin Birara Jatake (The
valiant never retreats), or Raha Raha Kshyane Vaspiya
Sakata, Dekhibi Chilika Charu Chitrapata (A poem
dedicated to the beauty of Chilika Lake). A prolific
writer in English and Oriya, Gopabandhu had a unique style of presentation of his ideas. He is often
refered to as the Father of Modern Orissa. He was
conferred the honorary title of Utkalamani (The jewel
of Utkal/Orissa) by the people of Orissa. |
| Biju Pattnaik |
[ TOP
] |
Bijayananda Patnaik, affectionately known to the
common people as Biju Patnaik hailed from a family of
freedom fighters, ideologues and patriots in Cuttack
State of Orissa. During his formative years, he came
under the impact of Mahatma Gandhi and the great
nationalist sons of Orissa, Gopabandhu Das and
Madhusudhan Das. He joined the freedom struggle and
actively participated in the Quit India movement in
close association with Aruna Asaf Ali and her
underground activities against the British. He
underwent imprisonment from 1943 to 1946 in the Red
Fort, New Delhi, Ferozepur, Lahore and Cuttack. He
helped the freedom fighters of Indonesia in their
struggle for independence. He was associated with the
Nepalese democratic movement as well. The services he
rendered to the nation, at the call of Panditji in the
area of diplomacy at the time of Chinese aggression in
1962 are part of our history. His greatest
contribution to the country's democracy was the role
he played tenaciously and repeatedly in Orissa, and at
the national level, for forging opposition unity
through times of factional politics. Indeed, he proved
that the delight of political life is as well in the
Opposition. Biju Patnaik was a sitting member of the
Lok Sabha representing Aska Parliamentary Constituency
of Orissa. Like Mr. Hamilton and Mr. Madison, the
framers of the American Constitution, Biju Patnaik
believed that national unity should be preserved
through Federalism. For him, Federalism was an
economic doctrine, not a political slogan. He even
called for a United States of India in which the
financial resources would equitably flow to the States
consistent with their exploitable natural resources. |
| Man Mohan Mishra |
[ TOP
] |
Manmohan
Misra lived between March 23, 1920 to November 19,
2000. He published his first poem at the age of 14 and
joined the freedom struggle at the age of 18. He was
imprisoned and wrote poems in prison. Through his
oratory and poetic expressions, he became known as the
poet of the people. He spent his life giving voice to
the voiceless. Amidst the seeming disarray and chaos,
his voice continued as the lighting spirit in Orissa
for fifty years. He was survived by his wife, three
brothers, three sisters, five sons, two daughters and
nine grandchildren at the time of his passing away. On
his obituary he was called the Nazrul of Orissa. In
March 2000, a select anthology of poems written by him
was published on the occasion of the State Book
Festival at Bhubaneswar. The book is entitled "Quominara".
Quominara would translate as the voice (narA) of the
people (Qoumi - Citizens). The subtitle is "Mahajatira
Jayagana". The book is edited by the eminent poet and
neighbor Sri Pathani Patnaik, President of Orissa
Sahitya Academy. Manmohan Misra lived between March
23, 1920 to November 19, 2000. He published his first
poem at the age of 14 and joined the freedom struggle
at the age of 18. He was imprisoned and wrote poems in
prison. Through his oratory and poetic expressions, he
became known as the poet of the people. He spent his
life giving voice to the voiceless. Amidst the seeming
disarray and chaos, his voice continued as the
lighting spirit in Orissa for fifty years. He was
survived by his wife, three brothers, three sisters,
five sons, two daughters and nine grandchildren at the
time of his passing away. On his obituary he was
called the Nazrul of Orissa. In March 2000, a select
anthology of poems written by him was published on the
occasion of the State Book Festival at Bhubaneswar.
The book is entitled "Quominara". Quominara would
translate as the voice (narA) of the people (Qoumi -
Citizens). The subtitle is "mahAjAtira jayagAna". The
book is edited by the eminent poet and neighbor Sri
Pathani Patnaik, President of Orissa Sahitya Academy.
Manmohan Misra lived between March 23, 1920 to
November 19, 2000. He published his first poem at the
age of 14 and joined the freedom struggle at the age
of 18. He was imprisoned and wrote poems in prison.
Through his oratory and poetic expressions, he became
known as the poet of the people. He spent his life
giving voice to the voiceless. Amidst the seeming
disarray and chaos, his voice continued as the
lighting spirit in Orissa for fifty years. |
| Prof. Manoj Das |
[ TOP
] |
Prof.
Manoj Das is one of the foremost short-story writers
in post-independence India. He writes in both Oriya
and English. Now he is a Professor of English at Sri
Aurovindo International University at Pondicherry.
About 250 short stories have been published in
different noted Oriya literary Jourbals during the
past 25 years, some of which have been published in
different Indian Languages such as
Bengali,Hindi,Assamese,Telgu,Kannad,
Gujrati,Punjabi,Tanil,Konkani and Marathi in various
magazines and also in reputed English journals. He was
born in 1934 in Balasore, Orissa. His first published
literary work (1949) is "Sataabdi-ra Aartanaada", a
compilation of his early poems. His first compilation
of short-stories is "Samudrara Khsyudhaa" (1951). As a
student he was a Marxist, and led several students'
and farmers' movements. After graduating as a Master
in Arts in English, he taught English at the Christ
College, Cuttack for four years. Then he was inspired
by Sri Aurovindo's philosophy and joined his quest for
knowledge. He moved to Pondicherry and besides
culturing the great philosophy, he has been teaching
English at the Sri Aurovindo International University
there ever since' His work includes short-stories,
poems, travelogues and essays in both English and
Oriya. He has also written books for children and Sri
Aurovindo's biography. Several stories in the
chandamama"(Janhamamun) come from Prof. Das. He was
the editor of the highly cultural magazine of the 80's
- "The Heritage". His short-stories are highly
psychological, flavoured with intelligent sarcasm and
ultimate optimism. Innocence of a child , helplessness
of the powerful and transformation of the proud are
themes of many of his stories. A lot other stories
cast complete absurdity and strangeness into a tale of
believable facts. |
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| Tribes |
| Main Tribal Districts : Koraput, Mayurbhanj, Sundargarh, & Keonjhar |
The total population of Orissa, according to the 1991 census is 36.7 million. Over 86 per cent of the population is rural. Thirty-seven per centof the total population is Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes. The gender ratio is 972 females: 1000 males. Orissa has a child population of 12 million. As many as 21 million live below the poverty line. Orissa has a very large tribal population, with 12 major tribes (Kondh, Gondh, Santhals, Saura, Kolha, Munda, Paraja, Bhuyans, Kisan, Oroan, Koya and Gadaba).
Linguistically the tribes of India are broadly classified into four categories, namely (1) Indo-Aryan speakers, (2) Dravidian speakers, (3) Tibeto-Burmese speakers, and (4) Austric speakers. ln Orissa the speakers of the Tibeto-Burmese language family are absent, and therefore Orissan tribes belong to other three language families. The Indo-Aryan language family in Orissa, includes Dhelki-Oriya, Matia, Haleba, Jharia, Saunti, Laria and Oriya (spoken by Bathudi and the acculturated sections of Bhuiyan, Juang, Kondha, Savara, Raj Gond etc.). The Austric language family includes eighteen tribal languages namely, Birija, Parenga, Kisan, Bhumiji, Koda, Mahili Bhumiji, Mirdha-Kharia, Ollar Gadaba, Juang, Bondo, Didayee, Karmali, Kharia, Munda, Ho, Mundari and Savara. And within the Dravidian language family there are nine languages in Orissa, namely: Pengo, Gondi, Kisan, Konda, Koya. Parji, Kui, Kuvi and Kurukh or Oraon.
The tribes of Orissa though belong to three linguistic divisions, yet they have lots of socio-cultural similarities between them. These commonalties signify homogeneity of their cultures and together they characterise the notion or concept of tribalism. Tribal societies share certain common characteristics and by these they are distinguished from complex or advanced societies. In India tribal societies had apparently been outside the main historical current of the development of Indian civilization for centuries. Hence tribal societies manifest such cultural features which signify a primitive level in socio-cultural parameter. |
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| History of Orissa |
Orissa has a glorious and ancient history spanning over a period of 3,500 years. In many ways, northern plains and many of the common generalizations that are made about Indian history do not seem to apply to the Oriya region. The word Oriya is an anglicized version of ‘Odia’, is also a modern name from the ‘Odra’ or ‘Udra’ tribes that inhabited the central belt of modern Orissa. Orissa has been the home of Kalinga and Utkal tribes played prominent role in the region's history, and one of the earliest references to the ancient Kalingas appears in the writings of Vedic chroniclers. In the 6th Century BC, Vedic Sutrakara Baudhayana mentions Kalinga as being beyond the Vedic fold, indicating that Brahminical influences had not yet touched the land. Unlike some other parts of India, tribal customs and traditions played a significant role in shaping political structures and cultural practices right up to the 15th Century. When Brahminical influences triumphed over competing traditions and caste differentiation began to inhibit social mobility and erode what had survived of the ancient republican tradition.
In ancient times, it was the kingdom of Kalinga. Kalinga was a major seafaring nation controlled and traded with most of the sea routes in Bay of Bengal. For several centuries, a substantial part of South Asia & Southeast Asia was under its cultural influence. The temple at Angkor Wat is a fine example of Orissan-influenced Indian architecture. Some parts of Southern and South Eastern Asia such as Sri Lanka, Cambodia, Java, Sumatra, Bali, Vietnam and Thailand were colonized by people from Orissa. In Malaysia, Indians are still referred as Kalings because of this. Many illustrious Sri Lankan kings such as Nisanka Malla and Parakarama Bahu claim Kalinga origin. The king who destroyed the Sinhalese Buddhist control of Northern Sri Lanka and established a Hindu Kingdom in Jaffna was known as Kalinga Magha. One theory holds that the name of the country "Siam" for Thailand is derived from Oriya/Sanskrit Shyamadesha. The Angkor Wat in Cambodia is Orissan, with local variations. Bali in Indonesia still retains its Orissan-influenced Hindu heritage.
A major turning point in world history took place in Orissa. The famous Kalinga war that led emperor Ashoka to embrace non-violence and the teachings of Buddha was fought here in 261 BC. Ashoka's military campaign against Kalinga was one of the bloodiest in Mauryan history on account of the fearless and heroic resistance offered by the Kalingas to the mighty armies of the expanding Mauryan Empire. Perhaps on account of their unexpected bravery, emperor Ashoka was compelled to issue two edicts specifically calling for a just and benign administration in Kalinga. Later on, Ashoka was instrumental in spreading Buddhist philosophy all over Asia.
In the second century BC, Kalinga flourished as a powerful kingdom under the Jaina king, Kharavela. He ruled all the way down south to include parts of the Tamil country. It is he who built the superb monastic caves at Udayagiri and Khandagiri. Subsequently, the kingdom was ruled under various monarchs, such as Samudragupta and Sasanka. It also was a part of Harsha's empire. In 795 AD, the king Yayati united Kalinga, Kosala and Utkala into one single empire. He also built the famous Jagannath temple at Puri. King Narasimha Dev is reputed to have built the magnificent Sun Temple in Konark. Although now largely ruined, the temple may have rivaled the Taj Mahal in splendor. A Muslim convert and ruler, Kala Pahada, with the help Suleman Karrani of Bengal occupied Orissa in 1568 after defeating the last Hindu king Mukundadeva.The Moguls conquered Bengal and Orissa in 1576; however, Orissa was subsequently ceded to the Marathas in 1751.
In 1803, the British under the British East India Company occupied Orissa after the Second Anglo-Maratha War. In 1823, Orissa was divided into the three districts of Cuttack, Balasore and Puri, and a number of native tributary states. Orissa was administering as part of the Bengal Presidency. Following famine and floods in 1866, large scale irrigation projects were undertaken in the last half of the 19th century. The coastal section was separated from Bengal and made into the Province of Bihar and Orissa in 1912, in response to local agitation for a separate state for Oriya-speaking peoples. In 1936, Bihar and Orissa separated into separate provinces.
Following Indian independence, the area of Orissa was almost doubled and the population was increased by a third by the addition of 24 former princely states. In 1950, Orissa became a constituent state in the Union of India. |
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