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 Music of Orissa

A unique sense of rhythm
 
The systematised and developed form of music, which has been sung in the world famous temple of the Lord Jagannath in Puri on its different festive occasions as a part of the rituals is known as traditional Odissi music. This tradition is also having a long and glorious history of its own for more then 2,500 years. It is performed deftly in the shape of ‘Raga-Kshudrageeta-Prabandha-Gana’, a form of Indian classical music by the illustrious and celebrated poet Sri Jayadeva in Orissa.
 
Like Hindustani and Carnatic systems, Odissi music is a separate system of Indian classical music and is having all the essential as well as potential ingredients of Indian Classical form. But it has not come to limelight due to apathy from the time of British rule in Orissa, want of its proper study, revival, propagation, etc. Despite the fact, the traditional music form could be saved and maintained in its pristine form. Thanks to the musicians, particularly of Jaga Akhadas of Puri, who could develop and maintain the music.

Types of Music
 
Like other aspects of her culture, music of the sacred land of Orissa is charming, colourful, variegated, encompassing various types of tunes. The existing musical tradition of Orissa, the cumulative experience of the last 2,500 years if not more, can broadly be grouped under five categories:
 
Tribal Music: The tribal music, as the title signifies, is confined to the tribals living mainly in the hilly and jungle regions and sparsely in the coastal belt of Orissa. It is interesting to note that Orissa has the third largest concentration of tribes constituting about 1.25 per cent of the total population. They are distributed among 62 tribal communities.
 
Folk Music: Orissa is the treasure house of folk songs, which are rendered on different festivals and specific occasions in their own enjoyment. Folk music in general is the expression of the ethos and mores of the folk communities. Of the bewildering variety of folk music of Orissa, mention may be made of 'Geeta', 'Balipuja Geeta', 'Kela Keluni Geeta', 'Dalkhai Geeta', 'Kendra Geeta', 'Jaiphula Geeta', 'Ghumura Geeta', 'Ghoda Nacha' and 'Danda Nacha Geeta', 'Gopal Gopaluni' and 'Osha-Parva-Geeta' etc.
 
Light Music: The light music category of Orissa include 'Sri Geetagovinda', 'Anirjukta Prabandha', 'Divya Manusi Prabandha', 'Chautisa', 'Chhanda', 'Chaupadi' (now known as 'Odissi'), 'Champu', 'Malasri', 'Sariman', 'Vyanjani, and Chaturang.
 
Light-Classical Music: 'Bhajan', 'Janan', Oriya songs based on ragas, 'Rangila Chaupadi' etc. are grouped under Light classical music, which forms an important segment of Orissan music.
 
Classical Music: 'Tribhang', 'Kuduka Geeta', 'Laxana' and 'Swaramalika' are the various sub-forms, which individually or collectively constitute the traditional Odissi music. These sub-forms of the traditional Odissi music can be categorised under the classical music of Orissa too.

The traditional Odissi music
 
The present form of traditional Odissi music is no doubt the outcome of the continuous evolution of the earliest Indian classical music. Orissa could imbibe all the waves of classical music beginning from 'Sama-Gana' to Raga 'Prabandha Gana', but finally it assumed the present form of "Raga Kshudra-Geeta-Pravandha-Gana". This system is popularly styled as traditional Odissi music.
 
Since, there is dearth of recorded evidence to prove the exact time of the advent of the earliest form of the Indian classical music into this land, one may reasonably believe its inflow during the period of Aryanisation of this land. Possibly Aryan culture crept into this land during the Age of Brahmans when bulk of Indian peninsula came under the Aryan influence.

Ritualistic influence
 
The Sovaneswara inscription and the Brahmeswara inscription and also the inscription from Madhukeswar temple reveal that dance and music were introduced in the temples as a part of daily rituals. Music tinged with religion attained mass appeal and royal patronage. As such the royal patronization of art and culture made the Orissan music so developed and enchanting for enjoyment of both Gods and Goddesses and human beings as well. This tradition still continues in its different manifestations.

Style of music
 
The Odissi 'Sangeeta' (music) was composed following the style ('Riti') of four classes of music such as 'Dhrubapada', 'Chitrapada', 'Chitrakala' and 'Panchali':

Dhrupada: The Dhrupada or ‘Ghosha’ meaning the first line or lines to be cited repeatedly has importance in Odissi music.

Chitrakala: The use of art in music is called "Chitrakala".

Chitrapada: Chitrapada means the arrangement of words.

Panchali: Panchali means multi-lined lyric ('Bahupadayukta Gita'). It is divided into two types - 'Adhruva' and 'Sadhruva'. In 'Sadhruva Panchali' there is a Ghosha (The first line or lines to be cited repeatedly). Odissi 'Choupadis' (Quadrants) are the best examples of Sadhruva Panchali. 'Choutisha' belongs to the category of Adhruva Panchali.

The Melaragas 
According to tuning, the ‘Melaragas’ were composed and their names are completely different from the ragas of ‘Hindustani’ and ‘Carnatac’ music. The centres for physical education and music were called ‘Jagas’.
 
In all the festivals the members of a ‘Jaga’ arrange feasts. ‘Hazura’, the chief member of the ‘Jaga’ arranges the competitions of gymnasiums ('Kushti Pratiyogita') and music concert ('Sangeet Asara'). Among the singers one group was meant for singing in high pitch and the other group in low pitch.

 Mountains
Name Height (in feet)
Bankashyama, Kalahandi
4182 ft.
Deomali, Koraput
5,486 ft.
Kapilas, Dhenkanal
2,239 ft.
Mundala, Puri
2,928 ft.
Gandhamardan, Keonjhar
3,479 ft.
Rajagiri, Puri
2,928 ft.
Meghasana, Mayurbhanja
3,824 ft.
Malaygiri, Pallahara
3,824 ft.
Panchadhara, Atmalik
2,948 ft.
Chandragiri, Koraput
5,486 ft.
Barama, Ganjam
3,824 ft.
Mahagiri, Cuttack
3,824 ft.
Nilgiri, Balasore
3,824 ft.
Mankadnacha, Keonjhar
3,824 ft.
 First in Orissa
Advocate
Madhusudan Das
Ambasador
Lalitendu Mansingh
Autobiography Writer
Fakira Mohan Senapati
Awarded Anubruta
Dr. Radhanath Rai
Awarded Gyanapitha
Gopinath Mohanty
Awarded Jamunalal Bajaj
Ramadevi Choudhury
Central Minister
Harekrushna Mohatab
Chief Justice of Supreme Court
Ranganath Mishra
Chief Secretary
Nilamani Senapati
Chartered Accountant
Hrudayananda Naik, Purighat, Cuttack
Cinema Hall
Sitaram Vilas Talkies (SSBT), Berhampur
College
Ravenshaw College, Cuttack
Colour film
Gapa Helebi Sata
D.S.P.
Guruprasad Das
Daily Newspaper
Dainika Asha
District Collector
Jatindra Nath Mohanty
District Magistrate
Dayanidhi Das
Drama
Babaji,writer Jagmohan Lala
Engineering College
University College of Engineering, Burla
Engineering School
Orissa School of Engeering, CUttack
Essay
Bibeki, writer Late Radhanth Ray
Film of Orissa
Sita Bibaha
Film produced in Orissa
Shodh
Film Studio
Kalinga Studio, Bhubaneswar
Freedom Fighter
Bir Surendra Sai
Girls' High School
Ravenshaw Girls School, Cuttack
Governnor
Harekrushna Mohatab
Graduate
Madhusudan Das
High School
Cuttack Collegiate School
I.C.S.
Nilamani Senapati
Jute Mill
Mill Konark Jute Mill
Lady Advocate
Sudhanshubala Hajra
Lady Chancellor
Dr. Priyambada Mohanty Hojamadi
Lady Chief Minister
Nandini Satpathy
Lady Director of Cinema
Parvati Ghosh
Lady Engineer
Sudhira Das
Lady Graduate
Niharabala Nayak
Lady I.A.S.
Pragyan Paramita Das
Lady I.P.S.
Somya Mishra
Lady Justice of Highcourt
Amiya Kumari Padhi
 Rivers
Name Length (in KiloMeters) Covering...
Mahanadi 880 Km Sambalpur, Bolangir, Angul, Sonepur, Boudh, Bargarh and Cuttack
Brahmani 700 Km  Sundergarh, Dhenkanal and Jajpur
Baitarani 335 Km Keonjhar, Jaipur and Bhadrak
Birupa -- Jagatpur
Chitrotpala -- Patpur
Banshadhara 256 Km Koraput and Rayagada
Budhabalanga 164 Km Mayurbhanj and Balasore
Rusikulyh    Ganjam and Bahuda
Machkund   Koraput
Indrabati   Kalahandi, Koraput and Nawarngpur
Tel   Balangir, Kalahandi
Mahendratanaya   Gajapati
Kolab   Koraput
Ib Koili   Sundergarh
Bhargabi   Puri, Khurda
Daya   Puri, Khurda
Anga   Sundergarh, Bolangir
Suna   Phulbani
Kuakhai   Puri, Khurda
Khursuan & Birupa   Jajpur
Paika & Biluakhai   Jagatsingpur
Kusimi, Kuanria & Lunijhara   Nayagarh
Suktel, Indra   Bolangir, Sonepur
Jira, Jhanu, Dant   Bargarh
Udanti, Sundar   Nuapara
Nagabali   Rayagada
Subarnarekha   Mayurbhanja and Balasore
 2001 Census Details
Area 1,55,707 Sq. Kms.
Population
36,706,920 (2001 Census)
30
No of Revenue Divisions
3
No of Sub Divisions
58
No of Municipalities
31
No of N.A.Cs
70
No of Tehsils
147
No of Blocks
314
No of Gram Panchayats
5263
No of Villages
50,887
No of Cities and Towns
103
No of Universities
8
No of Govt. Engg. Colleges
4
No of Govt. Medical Colleges
3
No of Govt. Ayurvedic Colleges
3
No of Homeopathic Colleges
7
No of Law Colleges
9
Census Tag
India
Orissa

Population

1,027,015,247
36,706,920
Population Growth Rate
21%
15%
Sex Ratio
933
972
Population Density
324
236
Literacy
65.38%
63.61%
Dist. Population (highest)
Ganjam ( 3,136,937 )
Dist. Population (lowest)
Deogarh ( 274,095 )
District Literacy (highest)
Khurda ( 81% )
District Literacy (lowest)
Malkangiri ( 32% )
 Eminent Oriyas
EMINENT ORIYAS
Prafulla Kumar Jena Pyari Mohan Acharya Malati Choudhury Guru Kelu Charan Mahapatra
Kumkum Mohanty Pandit Gopabandhu Das Man Mohan Mishra Prof. Manoj Das
Biju Pattnaik
Prafulla Kumar Jena

Prafulla Kumar Jena had completed his B.Sc, M.Sc and Ph.D. in Chemistry from Utkal Unversity. He had done his M.Sc. in metallurgical engineering, University of British Columbia. He worked as as Senior Scientist in Bhabha Atomic Research Center, Trombay; as a Professor in Metallurgical Engineering, Banaras Hndu University, Varanasi, as Director of Regional Research Laboratory, Bhubaneswar. He was the Acting Director General, Council Of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) in 1986. He was also a Visiting Profess of  Catholic University, Rio de Janiero, Brazil and Tohuku University, Sendai, Japan. He was a distinguished Professor of Tata Chair, IIT Kharagpur. Prof. Jena is an internationally renowned metallurgist and has published numerous research articles in reputed journals. Recipient of various awards such as National Metallurgist award, Padmashri and FICCI (Federation of Indian Chamber of Coommerce and Industry) award.

Pyari Mohan Acharya [ TOP ]

Pyari Mohan Acharya was born in 1851 in Orissa. He is the person who established the now famous PM Academy in Cuttack. Here is a very interesting story about the beginning of the academy. In 1871, when Pyari Mohan was only 20 years old, he along with Madhusudan Rao and Gobinda Rath started a newspaper called UTKAL PUTRA in Oriya with an objective of bringing to everybody's attention general condition of the society and civic complaints. Pyari Mohan was the editor and publisher of this newspaper. Pyari Mohan published an article named Darakhast Jutiyan. When translated into English it means an appeal from shoes or may be a notice from shoes. The article accused the waste management authority of Cuttack of gross neglect in their duty to keep Cuttack clean. This article infuriated the then magistrate sahib, who ordered the headmaster Chandicharan Bandopadhyaya to expel PyariMohan from the school. Pyari Mohan refused to beg forgiveness from the magistrate and had to leave school and took up employment with the commissioner. He felt the need for a private school in Cuttack so that students will not face his fate and would be able to freely express their opinion. He did not however stop there, he went ahead and established a private school in Cuttack. He was then earning only 25 Rupees a month and used to donate whatever left of it after spending a minimum amount for his living expenses. Both Madhusudan and he actively campaigned for donations to the school from rich people. He continued to supervise the operation of the school even when he was the manager to the king of Damapada. This school was named after him and is now known as the Pyari Mohan Academy or simply the PM Academy of Cuttack.

Malati Choudhury [ TOP ]

Malati Choudhury inspired generations of political activists who later became Parliament members MLAs and ministers. Her followers became organizers in tribal areas and civic leaders. One should read Surendra Dwivedy's biography to know the bravery of Malati Choudhury who was like a mother to him. Malati Devi affectionately used to call him "Suria" - Surendrababu's childhood name. Whenever Malati Choudhury saw injustice she fought against it. That is why, when Nandini Satpathy was given a ticket by the Janata Dal to contest from the Dhenkanal constituency she stood against Nandini. To her it was unfair because Nandini had whole-heartedly supported the National Emergency. It is interesting to note that George Fernandez, the rising hero of the left front at the time, came to campaign for Nandini on behalf of the Janata Dal. Fernandez's mother in law Shanti Kabir toured Dhenkanal for Malati Devi. Biju Patnaik also contributed money to her election. Right after the independence Malati Devi became immersed in the upliftment of the tribal people of Orissa. She established Nava Jeevan Mandal and the Mandal sent workers - men and women -to different locations in Keonjhar, Ganjam, Koraput, Sundargarh, Phulbani and Dhenkanal districts to do confidence building works among the tribal people. Naturally, the police, the employees of the excise department, the petty government-officers and the money lenders of these areas did not like the workers as the workers inspired the local tribal folks not to participate in the ongoing process of their own exploitation. At times, both the tribal people and the workers got embroiled in confrontation with local and regional powers that be. Malati Devi often traveled to remote areas of Malkan Giri,Chandrapur, R.Udaya Giri , Gonasika, Tarini Pasi and Banai Garh to stand by her workers.

Guru Kelu Charan Mahapatra [ TOP ]

Guru Kelu Charan Mahapatra is undoubtedly the most important figure in Odissi dance today and has been the guru at some time of nearly every important Odissi dancer and teacher in India and throughout the world. Born in Raghuraipur, a village in Orissa in 1926, he belongs to a family of Patachitra painters who used to paint patachitras of Lord Jeganath. He started learning Gotipua Nritya and Pakhawaj under the great gurus, Mohan Sundar Deva Goswami and Pankaj Charan Das at an early age. He performed with a Rasleela troupe before joining the theatre. After Indian independence, he started to work to popularise Gotipua Nritya and the Mahari dance, and has subsequently received many awards for his contribution. He is one of the main architects of the contemporary Odissi repertoire and vocabulary. His creative ability is very evident in his choreography, while it is also informed by his study of ancient scriptures and sculpture in the temples of Orissa. Guru Kelu Charan Mahapatra's attitude towards dance is, in essence, devotional; to him dance is not so much a vocation as it is an expression of life.

Shrimati Kumkum Mohanty [ TOP ]

Among the distinguised senior dancers of the Odissi style, Shrimati Kumkum Mohanty received her training in Odissi dance at Kala Vikash Kendra under the tutelage of Guru Kelucharan Mohapatra. She is also trained in Odissi. Early in life, she was acclaimed as an outstanding dancers and won appreciation among the connoisseurs. She has excelled in her sensitive renderings of Asthapadis from the Gita Govinda and taken lead roles in several choreographic works by her guru. She has also participated in major festivals in the country and abroad. In the mid-1980s, when the Odissi Research Centre was established by the Government of Orissa, Shrimati Mohanty was appointed its Chief Executive. In that capacity she has worked with several masters of Odissi dance and music carrying out significant work in the documentation and dissemination of the tradition. She also has several dance compositions to her credit. Shrimati Mohanty is Special Secretary ( Culture) to the Government of Orissa. Her contricution to Odissi was acknowledged with the Orissa Sangeet Natak Akademi Award, bestowed on her 1993. Shrimati Kumkum Mohanty received the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award for her contributions to Odissi dance in 1994.

Pandit Gopabandhu Das [ TOP ]

Gopabandhu Das was born in Swando village of Puri district in Orissa in the year 1877 Oct 9. who is one of the founders of the modern Orissa, is also remembered for his patriotic lyrical poems and lucid, thought provoking writings. Gopabandhu Das was a public spirited Gandhian of Utkal who championed the cause of the statehood of Orissa. After graduation, he got his Law degree and joined the Bar. But he diverted his legal profession and make himself as a devotee to serve the people of Orissa. Along with his illustrious friends, Nilakantha Das, Godavarish Mishra, Acharya Harihar Das and Krupasindhu Misra, he started a school at Satyabadi (Presently - Sakhigopal) near Puri, which became the most important center of cultural activities of Orissa for decades. He championed the cause of the formation of the Orissa state for the Oriya speaking people, started the Satyabadi (a literary monthly). He edited Asha, a newspaper from Berhampore and later launched his own weekly Samaj from Puri in 1919 (a weekly which later became the most widely circulated daily newspaper of Orissa) He had launched the Kartavya Padhini Samiti (duty awakening society) for securing the Oriyas their rights and priviledges. Gopabandhu Das was a great orator and his speeches made at the Bihar-Orissa legislature of which he was a member, shows his excellent style of oratory as well as clarity of thought and concern for the poor. One may point at him as the father of modern Oriya journalism. His essays on education easily prove that he was an educationist of great insight and understanding. His ambition from childhood was to be a poet. Absorbed in social activities he had little time for literary endeavours, yet while imprisoned in the Hazaribagh Jail (1922-1924) for participating in the Indian Freedom Movement, he wrote Bandira Atmakatha (The soliloquy of a Prisoner) and Dharmapada. Bandira Atmakatha is the expression of his deep love for the people of Orissa and Dharmapada is the story of the twelve-year-old artisan boy who, after completing the Konark temple, drowned himself in the sea to save the lives and prestige of the twelve hundred artisans of Orissa. Though not a poetic genius, his sincerity of feelings and simple diction touches the heart of the reader. Educated Oriyas are often found quoting a line or two from his verses such as Mishu Mora Deha E Desha Matire (Let this body of mine merge with the soil of this country), Pachha Ghuncha Nahin Birara Jatake (The valiant never retreats), or Raha Raha Kshyane Vaspiya Sakata, Dekhibi Chilika Charu Chitrapata (A poem dedicated to the beauty of Chilika Lake). A prolific writer in English and Oriya, Gopabandhu had a unique style of presentation of his ideas. He is often refered to as the Father of Modern Orissa. He was conferred the honorary title of Utkalamani (The jewel of Utkal/Orissa) by the people of Orissa.

Biju Pattnaik [ TOP ]

Bijayananda Patnaik, affectionately known to the common people as Biju Patnaik hailed from a family of freedom fighters, ideologues and patriots in Cuttack State of Orissa. During his formative years, he came under the impact of Mahatma Gandhi and the great nationalist sons of Orissa, Gopabandhu Das and Madhusudhan Das. He joined the freedom struggle and actively participated in the Quit India movement in close association with Aruna Asaf Ali and her underground activities against the British. He underwent imprisonment from 1943 to 1946 in the Red Fort, New Delhi, Ferozepur, Lahore and Cuttack. He helped the freedom fighters of Indonesia in their struggle for independence. He was associated with the Nepalese democratic movement as well. The services he rendered to the nation, at the call of Panditji in the area of diplomacy at the time of Chinese aggression in 1962 are part of our history. His greatest contribution to the country's democracy was the role he played tenaciously and repeatedly in Orissa, and at the national level, for forging opposition unity through times of factional politics. Indeed, he proved that the delight of political life is as well in the Opposition. Biju Patnaik was a sitting member of the Lok Sabha representing Aska Parliamentary Constituency of Orissa. Like Mr. Hamilton and Mr. Madison, the framers of the American Constitution, Biju Patnaik believed that national unity should be preserved through Federalism. For him, Federalism was an economic doctrine, not a political slogan. He even called for a United States of India in which the financial resources would equitably flow to the States consistent with their exploitable natural resources.

Man Mohan Mishra [ TOP ]

Manmohan Misra lived between March 23, 1920 to November 19, 2000. He published his first poem at the age of 14 and joined the freedom struggle at the age of 18. He was imprisoned and wrote poems in prison. Through his oratory and poetic expressions, he became known as the poet of the people. He spent his life giving voice to the voiceless. Amidst the seeming disarray and chaos, his voice continued as the lighting spirit in Orissa for fifty years. He was survived by his wife, three brothers, three sisters, five sons, two daughters and nine grandchildren at the time of his passing away. On his obituary he was called the Nazrul of Orissa. In March 2000, a select anthology of poems written by him was published on the occasion of the State Book Festival at Bhubaneswar. The book is entitled "Quominara". Quominara would translate as the voice (narA) of the people (Qoumi - Citizens). The subtitle is "Mahajatira Jayagana". The book is edited by the eminent poet and neighbor Sri Pathani Patnaik, President of Orissa Sahitya Academy. Manmohan Misra lived between March 23, 1920 to November 19, 2000. He published his first poem at the age of 14 and joined the freedom struggle at the age of 18. He was imprisoned and wrote poems in prison. Through his oratory and poetic expressions, he became known as the poet of the people. He spent his life giving voice to the voiceless. Amidst the seeming disarray and chaos, his voice continued as the lighting spirit in Orissa for fifty years. He was survived by his wife, three brothers, three sisters, five sons, two daughters and nine grandchildren at the time of his passing away. On his obituary he was called the Nazrul of Orissa. In March 2000, a select anthology of poems written by him was published on the occasion of the State Book Festival at Bhubaneswar. The book is entitled "Quominara". Quominara would translate as the voice (narA) of the people (Qoumi - Citizens). The subtitle is "mahAjAtira jayagAna". The book is edited by the eminent poet and neighbor Sri Pathani Patnaik, President of Orissa Sahitya Academy. Manmohan Misra lived between March 23, 1920 to November 19, 2000. He published his first poem at the age of 14 and joined the freedom struggle at the age of 18. He was imprisoned and wrote poems in prison. Through his oratory and poetic expressions, he became known as the poet of the people. He spent his life giving voice to the voiceless. Amidst the seeming disarray and chaos, his voice continued as the lighting spirit in Orissa for fifty years.

Prof. Manoj Das [ TOP ]

Prof. Manoj Das is one of the foremost short-story writers in post-independence India. He writes in both Oriya and English. Now he is a Professor of English at Sri Aurovindo International University at Pondicherry. About 250 short stories have been published in different noted Oriya literary Jourbals during the past 25 years, some of which have been published in different Indian Languages such as Bengali,Hindi,Assamese,Telgu,Kannad, Gujrati,Punjabi,Tanil,Konkani and Marathi in various magazines and also in reputed English journals. He was born in 1934 in Balasore, Orissa. His first published literary work (1949) is "Sataabdi-ra Aartanaada", a compilation of his early poems. His first compilation of short-stories is "Samudrara Khsyudhaa" (1951). As a student he was a Marxist, and led several students' and farmers' movements. After graduating as a Master in Arts in English, he taught English at the Christ College, Cuttack for four years. Then he was inspired by Sri Aurovindo's philosophy and joined his quest for knowledge. He moved to Pondicherry and besides culturing the great philosophy, he has been teaching English at the Sri Aurovindo International University there ever since' His work includes short-stories, poems, travelogues and essays in both English and Oriya. He has also written books for children and Sri Aurovindo's biography. Several stories in the chandamama"(Janhamamun) come from Prof. Das. He was the editor of the highly cultural magazine of the 80's - "The Heritage". His short-stories are highly psychological, flavoured with intelligent sarcasm and ultimate optimism. Innocence of a child , helplessness of the powerful and transformation of the proud are themes of many of his stories. A lot other stories cast complete absurdity and strangeness into a tale of believable facts.

 Tribes
Main Tribal Districts : Koraput, Mayurbhanj, Sundargarh, & Keonjhar

The total population of Orissa, according to the 1991 census is 36.7 million. Over 86 per cent of the population is rural. Thirty-seven per centof the total population is Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes. The gender ratio is 972 females: 1000 males. Orissa has a child population of 12 million. As many as 21 million live below the poverty line. Orissa has a very large tribal population, with 12 major tribes (Kondh, Gondh, Santhals, Saura, Kolha, Munda, Paraja, Bhuyans, Kisan, Oroan, Koya and Gadaba).

Linguistically the tribes of India are broadly classified into four categories, namely (1) Indo-Aryan speakers, (2) Dravidian speakers, (3) Tibeto-Burmese speakers, and (4) Austric speakers. ln Orissa the speakers of the Tibeto-Burmese language family are absent, and therefore Orissan tribes belong to other three language families. The Indo-Aryan language family in Orissa, includes Dhelki-Oriya, Matia, Haleba, Jharia, Saunti, Laria and Oriya (spoken by Bathudi and the acculturated sections of Bhuiyan, Juang, Kondha, Savara, Raj Gond etc.). The Austric language family includes eighteen tribal languages namely, Birija, Parenga, Kisan, Bhumiji, Koda, Mahili Bhumiji, Mirdha-Kharia, Ollar Gadaba, Juang, Bondo, Didayee, Karmali, Kharia, Munda, Ho, Mundari and Savara. And within the Dravidian language family there are nine languages in Orissa, namely: Pengo, Gondi, Kisan, Konda, Koya. Parji, Kui, Kuvi and Kurukh or Oraon.

The tribes of Orissa though belong to three linguistic divisions, yet they have lots of socio-cultural similarities between them. These commonalties signify homogeneity of their cultures and together they characterise the notion or concept of tribalism. Tribal societies share certain common characteristics and by these they are distinguished from complex or advanced societies. In India tribal societies had apparently been outside the main historical current of the development of Indian civilization for centuries. Hence tribal societies manifest such cultural features which signify a primitive level in socio-cultural parameter.

History of Orissa

Orissa has a glorious and ancient history spanning over a period of 3,500 years. In many ways, northern plains and many of the common generalizations that are made about Indian history do not seem to apply to the Oriya region. The word Oriya is an anglicized version of ‘Odia’, is also a modern name from the ‘Odra’ or ‘Udra’ tribes that inhabited the central belt of modern Orissa. Orissa has been the home of Kalinga and Utkal tribes played prominent role in the region's history, and one of the earliest references to the ancient Kalingas appears in the writings of Vedic chroniclers. In the 6th Century BC, Vedic Sutrakara Baudhayana mentions Kalinga as being beyond the Vedic fold, indicating that Brahminical influences had not yet touched the land. Unlike some other parts of India, tribal customs and traditions played a significant role in shaping political structures and cultural practices right up to the 15th Century. When Brahminical influences triumphed over competing traditions and caste differentiation began to inhibit social mobility and erode what had survived of the ancient republican tradition.

In ancient times, it was the kingdom of Kalinga. Kalinga was a major seafaring nation controlled and traded with most of the sea routes in Bay of Bengal. For several centuries, a substantial part of South Asia & Southeast Asia was under its cultural influence. The temple at Angkor Wat is a fine example of Orissan-influenced Indian architecture. Some parts of Southern and South Eastern Asia such as Sri Lanka, Cambodia, Java, Sumatra, Bali, Vietnam and Thailand were colonized by people from Orissa. In Malaysia, Indians are still referred as Kalings because of this. Many illustrious Sri Lankan kings such as Nisanka Malla and Parakarama Bahu claim Kalinga origin. The king who destroyed the Sinhalese Buddhist control of Northern Sri Lanka and established a Hindu Kingdom in Jaffna was known as Kalinga Magha. One theory holds that the name of the country "Siam" for Thailand is derived from Oriya/Sanskrit Shyamadesha. The Angkor Wat in Cambodia is Orissan, with local variations. Bali in Indonesia still retains its Orissan-influenced Hindu heritage.

A major turning point in world history took place in Orissa. The famous Kalinga war that led emperor Ashoka to embrace non-violence and the teachings of Buddha was fought here in 261 BC. Ashoka's military campaign against Kalinga was one of the bloodiest in Mauryan history on account of the fearless and heroic resistance offered by the Kalingas to the mighty armies of the expanding Mauryan Empire. Perhaps on account of their unexpected bravery, emperor Ashoka was compelled to issue two edicts specifically calling for a just and benign administration in Kalinga. Later on, Ashoka was instrumental in spreading Buddhist philosophy all over Asia.

In the second century BC, Kalinga flourished as a powerful kingdom under the Jaina king, Kharavela. He ruled all the way down south to include parts of the Tamil country. It is he who built the superb monastic caves at Udayagiri and Khandagiri. Subsequently, the kingdom was ruled under various monarchs, such as Samudragupta and Sasanka. It also was a part of Harsha's empire. In 795 AD, the king Yayati united Kalinga, Kosala and Utkala into one single empire. He also built the famous Jagannath temple at Puri. King Narasimha Dev is reputed to have built the magnificent Sun Temple in Konark. Although now largely ruined, the temple may have rivaled the Taj Mahal in splendor. A Muslim convert and ruler, Kala Pahada, with the help Suleman Karrani of Bengal occupied Orissa in 1568 after defeating the last Hindu king Mukundadeva.The Moguls conquered Bengal and Orissa in 1576; however, Orissa was subsequently ceded to the Marathas in 1751.

In 1803, the British under the British East India Company occupied Orissa after the Second Anglo-Maratha War. In 1823, Orissa was divided into the three districts of Cuttack, Balasore and Puri, and a number of native tributary states. Orissa was administering as part of the Bengal Presidency. Following famine and floods in 1866, large scale irrigation projects were undertaken in the last half of the 19th century. The coastal section was separated from Bengal and made into the Province of Bihar and Orissa in 1912, in response to local agitation for a separate state for Oriya-speaking peoples. In 1936, Bihar and Orissa separated into separate provinces.

Following Indian independence, the area of Orissa was almost doubled and the population was increased by a third by the addition of 24 former princely states. In 1950, Orissa became a constituent state in the Union of India.

 
 
 
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